Fear of insects – How to Overcome Easily phobia of insects

People have an instinctive fear of insects. There & # 39; and the evolutionary reason. Our body reaction to the feeling of tiny feet swarming over them or probosci small sensation on the skin. If they do not it & # 39; d have long been extinct. The human race yielded numerous diseases spread by insects. One of the evolutionary function of errors to help spread the small organisms. Bugs number one carrier of the infection in the world.

turns aversion phobia

However, many people, trouble begins when a natural aversion to creepy crawlers turns into a full-blown phobia of insects. The phobia response to an intense, penetrating, irrational panic reaction specific trigger or stimulus (in this case, beetles). People who suffer from this kind of reaction, a small creatures that fly, crawl and find themselves leading a life of terror. For these unfortunate individuals, picnics pr relaxing walk in the woods is often ruined by the sight of a harmless bumblebees. For these people, there is a quiet day at home reading – not if they see a spider web that some out-of-the-way corner.

Fear Ruins Lives

In extreme cases, people who suffer from insect phobia is willing to go outside all the fear of the hated creatures you encounter. Others are unable to sleep as the insects begin to haunt the nightmares. Some people are so consumed by the fear that they believe that the insects crawling all over their bodies, from the moment they lie down in their beds. This phenomenon is known as formication (from the Latin root of "ant"). There have been reports, emergency room patients who shredded ligaments in his own skin, trying to scratch out an imaginary bugs.

You have to ask for help. If you have an irrational fear bugs, do not let it progress at this point. Fortunately, there are a few methods out there that will help reduce (or even completely cure) the phobia.

Cure Fear of insects and NLP hypnotherapy

one of the most powerful techniques to overcome the phobia hypnotherapy and NLP (which "NLP"). These powerful, irrational fears often work as a simple computer program embedded deep in your mind. Normally, conscious thought processes (such as & # 39; say, trying to figure out what you think the novel is read-only) works pretty complicated way. different and unique every conscious thought process of progression of ideas and impulses of the nervous system. In contrast, irrational phobic reactions usually consists of a pattern of thought, repeated each time you see any triggers a phobic reaction.

What are you going to learn

NLP can be taught to recognize the unconscious patterns of thought leads to fear. The NLP therapist does not care why you think so. He only cares about teaching is to have these thoughts. After learning to do this, you can learn to use a combination of NLP and hypnotherapy techniques rather than those unproductive, irrational rational thought is terrifying. Thus, these powerful techniques to help you overcome your fear of insects and begin to lead a normal life.

Source by JJ Seymour

The Legendary Fast Phobia Cure

The man with a spider phobia walks into a room. His phobia means that it does not even look like a picture of something that looks like a spider without having a panic attack. So it could not help checking the space spiders as he sits in a comfortable chair opposite a therapist. Twenty minutes later, standing in the middle of the room with a spider in her hand and a smile on his face.

is remarkable therapist? Probably not. A fluke? No: this kind of thing happens all the time. Remarkably treatment? Yes man experienced only the Fast Phobia Cure.

what exactly is a phobia cure FAST?

Fast Phobia Cure is perhaps the only reliable and effective tool in psychotherapy today. It is reported that about 90% of the most successful phobias because it does what it says – a cure phobias fast. The above example is very typical for twenty minutes. And does so without the scare tactics, psychological archeology, drugs and older and less effective phobia treatment used by the exposure.

HOW IT WORKS

Most of us have experienced traumatic and upsetting events in our lives. If we look back on these events is never pleasant memories, but if they do not upset us at that time.

The phobic, you & # 39; and more. Very different. When reminded of the trauma, they feel much the same as they did during the first time out, even if it was decades ago. They are vivid and affecting memories of the event.

It is these types of memories – held in the emotional part of the brain – that drive and maintain phobias. Such memories are strong and present, reminding them that only bring fear responses. That is, the phobic acts on these memories, so you & # 39; s as if they are experiencing a similar situation again answers – panic, pounding heart, trembling, sweating, the irresistible urge to run.

The other, separated by a traumatic memories – they are more factual and little emotion – because over time, have been processed by logical thinking part of the mind. The phobic, this separation did not happen. But it should be.

Fast Phobia Cure is a fast dissociation process. This allows the sufferer to experience the traumatic memories of a calm and dissociated, or disconnected, state. The other part of the mind – devoid of emotion, rational, thinking mind – and then go to work turning the memories of the ordinary, factual, neutral, non-threatening. Like the memory of what he ate for breakfast. The emotional Member unstuck phobic encounters, the phobia lot of free air. It & # 39; s gone.

mechanics

The way to achieve this dissociation is that the sufferer imagine watching themselves from a remote, third-party or family situation going through the traumatic event.

The classic scenario is that they imagine themselves in a movie theater watching an old black and white film going through the experience at very high speeds (like watching a video on fast forward). The dissociation can be increased by having them imagine that the projection booth watching themselves are sitting watching a movie theater for the younger self going through the experience. This creates the distance and comfort dissociation occurs.

Then he asked to step into the safe time at the end of the movie and imagine physically rewinding experience with great force. This step is repeated several times. This creates dissociation because the mind has never experienced a traumatic event is back and so is not prepared to answer her fear, and experience the calm. The memory of the brain recoded and saved less emotional charge attached to it.

These steps Phobia Cure is fast. They are running the most traumatic memories around the phobia – typically three or four such memories are used – and this process can take just five minutes.

Variations

Variations on the Fast Phobia Cure possible to change the cinema scenario to just watching a television screen, or imagine witnessing the event, as an outsider from a helicopter, or a bird's eye view, or seeing it played out on the stage. Or, if your memory is much more comfortable to watch them "the director & # 39; s cut" by adding your own music (light or silly music is often used) and changing something about the way he looked in the creative and humorous way.

measuring and testing changes

before, during and after a quick run Phobia Cure, the individual asked to evaluate how unpleasant the whole traumatic memories. Very high levels of discomfort quickly reduced to zero, or thereabouts when the fast Phobia Cure is running. Such rapid change is often a shock and delight to the subjects.

The last step is to test the new search of answers to the old trigger (the spider goes hunting the man in the example above). Again, subjects are usually surprised at how reluctant they are to do so, and the feeling that I'm not afraid to trigger the entire region. For many, it seems really amazing. But the rapid Phobia Cure's no wonder: & # 39; It s just based on good brain science, on current neurology.

The benefits of

and reliability, rapid Phobia Cure the three most important advantages of traditional phobia treatments.

First, as the name suggests, the & # 39; s fast. The treatment is usually only one session. The mind learns very quickly. It is learned that phobic very quickly, probably in a matter of seconds. Learning how not to be phobic again, and necessarily equally fast. As long as the treatment is not painful required.

Second, it & # 39; s safe. There is no direct confrontation with the phobic trigger and the phobic relaxed and comfortable throughout the treatment.

Third, it & # 39; and non-intrusive. As the "movies" of the patient & # 39; s, the therapist does not need to know the exact details of the traumatic memory or phobic encounters.

Why are not more widely available?

Fast Phobia Cure remarkable management can be learned and used by any competent therapist. But it & # 39; and not widely used. Post why?

The answer seems to work very well. And too fast. It can be done in minutes and easily within a single therapy session. And there & # 39; s the rub: therapists using the fast phobia Cure probably need to be a customer only once, so not a lot of money. And the traditional old-school therapists and counselors when faced with a quick, painless results start to question their own models of long, lingering pain therapy.

Source by Guy Baglow

Understanding the Differences Between OCD and phobias

Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish between OCD and phobia. In a sense, with the most anxiety sufferers have an obsession – if you spend all your time worrying about panic attacks or find a spider or you meet someone on the street, you obsessed to some extent. And we can say that behavior like spiders constantly checking the room or crossing the road to avoid a meeting, there is an element of compulsion for them.

But there is an extra dimension to OCD, which is the relationship between obsessions and compulsion. A person with OCD usually have a strong feeling that there is a need to provide the force, or turn into something terrible consequences, and almost always they also feel that they are not forced, in a certain way, like a ritual.

So, if you are afraid of spiders and verify that each room for them, you have a phobia. If you feel that a spider will be left in the room is likely to bring misfortune or harm to yourself or your family, and if you check the room the same way every time you have OCD. Similarly, he worried about the safety of any home, make sure that they have closed the door, while someone with OCD can check several times, and the final release.

OCD may exist among other anxiety disorders such as social and health phobias and depression.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [1945901million]

This is caused by exposure to danger or abuse. The classification of any anxiety disorder were events that happened in the past, not the fears that what happens in the future. Most people who experience traumatic events, such as road / rail / air accidents or incidents involving violence can expect to see associated with at least some disturbing physical and emotional reactions and shock.

Generally, these short-lived. Support from family and friends, the possible short-term technical assistance is usually enough to help them through it. Very few people will develop PTSD, which remains strong reaction for a long time, usually it feels to re-live the trauma and unable to resume a normal life.

PTSD need specialized treatment, so we do not recommend trying to self-help.

The children and young people

Where children are concerned, although you may be having problems, which show many of the same features as the adult Anxiety disorders , I do not recommend trying to adapt to a self-help approach, without advice.

Most children go through a phase when they are afraid of strange things – they are part of normal development and are usually outgrown. If the problem persists even far beyond the expected life or cause serious disturbance to the child & # 39; s daily life and forming relationships, some professional help and guidance may be needed.

It is preferable that the appropriate assessment which takes into account the child & # 39; s general health, overall development and any factors in the environment or that may contribute to the family.

keeping an anxiety diary

It & # 39; s time to get out a notebook and start a diary. Anxiety is a simple log record for the anxious feelings every day. It & # 39; It s important to describe the anxiety scores at least twice a day, but there is no need to try to explain every minute of the day. But do not leave until the end of the week, and try to remember everything because you can not quite remember exactly.

I do every day you will find that they tend to pick the wrong time, and ignore the relatively good weather. The important thing is to learn to evaluate ordained by anxiety. Be honest, but you will ever see in the log.

Source by Michelle Spencer

blushing phobia – When it becomes flushed Fear

Blushing Phobia, or rather Erythrobia, carried by a very common chronic blushers and learned fear. Excessive blushing blush a phobia should not be confused with the original cause of fear blushing. In general, the blushing problem arises from the fact that a person is engaged is unknown, yet treatable health issues with deeply rooted sense. It may seem like a cruel joke when the fear of blushing becomes another reason for blushing turned something as debilitating as a phobia that disrupts daily life.

Erythrobia occurs when a blusher expects to blush, fears blushing in front of people, and is terrified about what other people think. This is a very traumatizing phobia, because no one wants his or her emotions to be so transparent. Sufferers of chronic blushing feel that & # 39; walking around with a big sign on your forehead that "I & # 39;! m nervous" or "I feel shy!" The intense fear of blushing and fear of certain situations where people will see that the red-faces are all part of developing Erythrobia. Other sub-phobias can emerge … as fears of specific people or places. It can be very devastating and blush can start experiencing depression. If this is the case, try to avoid depression or anxiety drugs such as when a blushing problem is cured, these symptoms will fade as you regain confidence.

If someone has a Blushing Phobia, the actual blushing occurs in response to the expectation that AND the blushers tend to send the body into a state of fight or flight during operation. Wanting the blushing to stop, and wanting to escape at one time causes most people to tense up and hold your breath or breathe shallowly. Breathing shallowly to the brain indicating that this is a threatening situation in which the pain is involved. That's why one of the best ways to conquer the phobia started blushing blushing during attacks when breathing deeply and relaxing. It seems very unnatural at first, but try to practice every chance you get. You might even notice a difference within a few days.

This is only the first step though. The blushing phobia, phobia or for that matter, strongly interwoven into who you are – your daily routine, thoughts and perceptions. Erythrobia the manifestation of all fears around blushing: the skin looks in front of people, you & # 39; It s really noticeable when people are judging you if your friends it's weird, etc. Blushers find the best day for relief hypnosis and meditation, through which you & # 39; You'll find that blushing is not something to be afraid of you & # 39; ll see yourself starting to control it. After no time at all, a Blushing Phobia will be a thing of the past and the & # 39; ll start looking forward to the social events, dates, appointments, and so on.

One of the best things a blush of Erythrobia can do is join a forum where people with social anxiety will also discuss how they feel. This helps to reduce the feeling of loneliness, and shows that the & # 39; You are not alone.

Source by Kathleen Timm

exam phobia

Have you ever felt an exam or a test, you can`t remember names, dates, numbers, diligently studied the whole course? The mind is blank, you can`t collect his thoughts, fatigue, legs shaking, and all you want to do run away? Or maybe he felt so frightened before an exam, she could not study properly or revise?

If the answer is `Yes` one or more of the above questions, you may be suffering from exam phobia is defined as an irrational, oppressive, excessive and uncontrollable fear or dislike of exams.

Everyone is nervous before or during exams. While fear of experiencing a positive thing because it can motivate you to work harder phobia other hand, an amplified terror, which has a negative impact on life. Phobia will make your life very difficult as you do everything that you do not or can not go wrong if this `huge pain` survive the dreaded situation. In this state, you can not access your full potential and achieve the results you deserve.

exam phobia is very similar to the fear of public speaking.

So how to recognize phobia? What is a phobia? Can you cure exam phobia?

Let`s say good student who has been studying diligently throughout the year. You are ambitious, you know that this exam is very important, you want to pass. There is perhaps even more pressure from parents who want you (ie, the beloved children's) the best. We want to be the best as well and you do not want to disappoint your parents. observed prior to an examination of physical symptoms, such as insomnia, abdominal cramps, diarrhea. You may not be able to eat, or eat too much. You start wondering good enough to pass the exam. The confidence goes down. You start to believe you can not. I imagine all the negative consequences. You will be nervous. Do you feel overwhelmed. You feel it. You start sweating or perhaps headaches. You begin to wonder whether there is sense to review it fails anyway.

At this point, the fact that the course proved that they understood the topic and discuss it with great insight and intelligence will be important. You're so nervous that you start to panic, your mind goes blank, your heart starts beating, fear becomes so overwhelming that he could not breathe. During the exam you through remembers well known facts, figures, names and dates. You can not summon up any of the facts, or that any argument or a coherent discussion.

You may know a rational level that the test is not a death sentence. This is just an assessment of how well recognized that the topic and how good the teacher is already having certain knowledge for you. Did he perform the duty to prepare for the exam, and have no need to fear the consequences if you can not answer all your questions. Even if it is not always possible to repeat the exam. This does not matter if you are suffering from exam phobia.

However, there is some good news for you. Phobias are quite common (nothing to be ashamed of) and highly treatable. It is possible to cure phobia so I encourage you to ask for help.

Imagine what your life would look like without examination phobia.

Source by Ana E Johnson

Phobias – Ayurvedic Herbal Treatment

The overwhelming phobia and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that poses little real threat. The phobia of long-term disease that can cause intense physical and psychological stress and can affect a person & # 39; s ability to function normally at work and in social settings. Phobias can be divided into specific phobias, social phobia and fear of open spaces, which is called agoraphobia. Specific phobias are further divided into fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia); Fear of animals (zoophobia); acrophobia (fear of heights); Fear of flying (pterygophobia); fear of water (rabies) and fear of surgery, injections, tunnels, bridges, etc. Genetics, a neurotransmitter in the brain disorder and traumatic experiences seem to affect the development of phobias.

All phobias can be treated with cognitive behavioral therapy quite well. In addition, the drugs may be required to social phobia and agoraphobia. Ayurvedic drugs can be used to treat depression, anxiety, palpitations and hypertension. Medications like Jatamansi (Nardostachys Jatamansi) Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) Khurasani ova (Hyosciamus niger) and Jayphal (Myristica fragrans) is used as a sedative. The treatment of depression, drugs like Vacha (Acorus calamus), Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculata), Laxmi-Vilas-Ras and Shrung-Bhasma used. The signs and symptoms of fear, such as increased heart rate, high blood pressure, pounding heart, trembling voice and limbs, can be treated with medicines like Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri) Mandukparni (Centella asiatica), Jatamansi, Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina) Saraswatarishta, Arjunarishta, Dashmoolarishta, Tankan (purified borax) and Arjun (Terminalia Arjuna).

similar drugs Makar-Dhwaj- Ras, Maha Laxmi-Vilas-Ras, Bruhat-Vat-Chintamani, Suvarna-Bhasma, Abhrak-Bhasma and Trivang-Bhasma used in conjunction with a very minute doses of the drugs mentioned above that the creation of a rapid response and to help prevent recurrence of symptoms. Panchkarma Ayurvedic methods such as & # 39; Shirodhara & # 39; and & # 39; Shirobasti & # 39; sedatives can operate effectively reduces anxiety and panic attacks. Panchkarma Another method known as the & # 39; Nasya & # 39; you can use for the treatment of depression with powerful stimulant, nasal drops, medicated Vacha, Sunthi (Zinziber officinalis) and Pippali (Piper longum).

Because phobias often develop at a young age, it is important that parents talk openly about fears and that positive approaches fears and phobias, in order to preventing children from falling victims to these terms. If you develop phobias, direct or gradual rather than confrontation is recommended to avoid the object or situation.

Source by Abdulmubeen Mundewadi

Acupuncture Treatment of Phobias – Does it make sense?

Many people find it very hard to believe that some of acupuncture consider that to be able to help treat phobias. This article examines whether there is a sense of acupuncture phobias. First, let & # 39; and compare the difference between a phobia and fear.

phobia Definition
Transfer from the Greek word Ph oacute; bos, which means a fall or fear or morbid fear, phobia and other anxiety disorders within the competence of fear. A phobia is irrational fear, is defined as:

"manifestation of the intense fear of specific objects and situations, which produces the reality of minimal or no threat."

Fear Definition
Fear on the other hand is built into the natural survival response, and is connected to the fight or flight response. All people and animals have this instinct, and this is crucial when dealing with the potential threat. This can help to escape or fight the danger that exists in our reality.

The brain plays a major role
So the fear is based in reality, and the phobia is based on only a man & # 39; s perception. There are plenty of phobias, which are spread among many people, and there are also a variety of genres phobias. Phobias can be social or individual. Yet like other types of anxiety and fear, we know that in many parts of a person & # 39; s of the brain that plays a key role in the production of phobias, anxieties and fears.

Scientists study this starring role in order to understand how phobias and concerns created by the brain, so that they can be treated, as well as learning, while the new generation of human cells & # 39; s life. It can make it possible to encourage the growth of new neurons in people with certain conditions such as PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder).

part of

phobias and amygdala in the limbic system, the amygdala almond-shaped and deep in the brain. It is thought to process and interpret incoming signals, triggering anxiety and fear responses in the brain and other stores emotional memories. It is currently believed to play a role in this phobias, such as spiders and flying.

Hippocampus and phobias
This is the hippocampus, which is the task of encoding memories threatening events. Some studies have shown that the size of the hippocampus is smaller in those who served in combat violence and victims of child abuse.

Acupuncture and brain
Because the brain plays a big role in the creation of phobias and other anxiety disorders, if acupuncture can not treat this phobia how the brain will have any real impact?

Acupuncture can handle the brain, such as brain-related acupuncture points found in the human body. In other words, without taking any medication, acupuncture stimulate the reaction of the brain areas involved in the healing process to begin.

We believe that acupuncture has a positive effect on brain chemistry. At the start of a treatment, the needles stimulate the local blood flow, which is the effect of knocking the growth of both the nutrients and immune cells. Endorphins released during acupuncture.

Treatment will generally strengthen the nervous system and the immune system and endocrine system. It brings back the whole system more balanced and healthier state.

Experienced qualified naturopath time to assess patients in a row, it will consider other acupuncture points on the needle during the TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) and diagnostic tools that period. The root cause of the phobia, as well as any other knock on effects will be handled.

Source by Jackie A De Burca

Life-threatening phobias

Most people have some fear, but there are those who fear turn into phobias. A phobia is an intense fear of something that is not life-threatening, but from the mind acts as life-threatening. Some of these fears are not very rational, but someone who has a phobia, it can be hard to think that fear and anxiety rationally. This can make some phobias potentially life-threatening.

pharmacophobia a dangerous phobia or a fear of medicine. This means that even though a person has a fatal illness or injury, and you need to take medicine to save his life; phobia prevents them from taking it. Some people develop this due to various reasons or had a negative experience in medicine in the past, like coming out of the pharmaceutical medicine, or you may be afraid of drowning, the side effects might be, or simply feel it is not more harm than good. If you are suffering from the phobia, you should talk openly and honestly with your doctor about it. Your doctor should be able to help you find a way, or how to deal with it.

Cibophobia fear foods, can become an obsession, a person who suffers from this condition. Many times it is confused with a variety of eating disorders, it is actually a psychological problem that certain foods affect the human body, but in the case of cibophobia people really are afraid of is food. In some cases, a person is not willing to eat a variety of things, which can lead to various health problems due to the change in diet. In severe cases, the person concerned may choose to go hungry than eat something in particular, and there is a very dangerous result. People who suffer from this should talk to a mental health professional who is trying a variety of methods such as hypnosis, drugs and other types of treatment in order to help alleviate this fear of the patient.

People who are afraid of needles usually suffer trypanophobia. This means that the person is deathly afraid of needles or needles for any medical procedures, such as injections, shots or vaccinations. It's like pharmacophobia, it can be very dangerous if the people need a life-saving drug or procedure that involves a needle. This may also go hand in hand iatrophobia, fear of doctors or any other phobia, which includes hospitals, doctors and dentists. There are a lot of people who suffer from this, but found a way around it or treatment. Instead of a shot, people may be able to use medicated spray or jet injections and other methods of medication. If you do and want to work on it, you can see a mental health professional to try to work through the fear.

There are a lot of different phobias that may not be life-threatening, but continues to bother people & # 39; s daily lives. Some people may be misdiagnosed when they express concerns about the phobia, as people cibophobia can think of to anorexia, but it is still very dangerous if they are not treated. If you suffer from a kind of phobia that can be a potential harm to your life, you may want to see if any life insurance cover. It should have life insurance, or at least to pass in case of term life insurance, and leave your family behind. Of course, if you suffer from necrophobia, or the fear of death, you may be thinking that the troubles of life insurance or set up their own will.

Source by June Owensboro

Rare Phobias: Feet phobia – Fear of barefoot

You are a man like that shoe nervously enters business? Can`t you nude look, or feel, the sound of you or someone else`s foot? If the answer to such a question may be a `yes` to suffer from foot phobia, also known as podophobia.

Feet one of the rarest phobia of phobias, as only 1 in 1,000 people have it. However, it can affect the way of life in many surprising ways without this phobia that is not taken into account.

just to mention a fear can prevent unusual that a swimming pool, a gym practicing, buying shoes, or wearing slippers are a few examples. Foot phobia can be quite harmless, a bit annoying and sometimes frustrating. However, this can cause life limitations. It is therefore important to assess carefully how much does it affect you or someone else & # 39; s daily life.

What exactly is a phobia feet (or podophobia)?

Feet phobia like any other phobia is irrational, inexplicable fear. People suffering from Podophobia feel very nervous, afraid, angry, or even disgusted feet in general. Podophobia The exact cause is not yet fully understood. Symptoms include overwhelming anxiety, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nausea, dizziness, breathing difficulty and desire to run away when he saw, or thought feet. Some people experience panic attacks and feelings very uncomfortable when confronted with the foot. Of course, a person & # 39; s symptoms may vary and / or higher than the other. This fear can make some feel uncomfortable or irritated. Other people can get so intense that it interferes with normal life.

The fear may be related to a person`s own or someone else`s foot. The phobia sufferers usually do not like the look of your or someone else & # 39; s feet, or feel feet to see how his leg that gross and ugly. This person will also feel uncomfortable when other people watching or touching his feet. He will even sleep socks or shoes, and do not even consider buying or wearing open-toed shoes or sandals of any kind. He also hate the smell of feet and while thinking to imagine contracting fungal infections of the foot type or a wart, which is even worse. The discomfort can be displayed while discussing issues related to the foot or leg. A phobia sufferer to avoid watching any TV documentary foot or commercials on TV. One of my friends who are suffering from the phobia feet to prevent a rule introduced by the discomfort in his house. You have to wear shoes in the house. If very dirty shoes allow you to wear socks or a pair of his own shoes. He won`t even let his girlfriend reached a leg or her socks off to him.

When to seek help heal leg phobia?
Most of the fears and phobias, including fear and phobia legs are not serious, especially if they do not significantly interfere with normal daily life. But if the result phobia legs to avoid the regular prevents work or enjoying the life we ​​should consider, seek medical advice. Regardless of how long you have suffered, despite the limitations of unpleasant life has endured because of fear, fear, legs Overcome.

Source by Ana E Johnson